THYROID HORMONE DEFICIENCY: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, PATHOGENESIS, AND CONSEQUENCES

Thyroid hormone deficiency, or hypothyroidism, is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders, affecting millions of people worldwide. Thyroid hormones play a vital role in regulating metabolism, oxygen consumption, and the functioning of almost all organ systems. Insufficient secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) leads to systemic disturbances including cardiovascular, hematological, neurological, and reproductive dysfunctions. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanisms of thyroid hormone deficiency, the types of anemia associated with hypothyroidism, and its impact on patients’ quality of life. The study also analyzes clinical findings from international literature and provides insights into the importance of early diagnosis and lifelong hormone replacement therapy for improving outcomes.