Effects of ozone–climate interactions on the long-term temperature trend in the Arctic stratosphere

Abstract. Using reanalysis datasets and the Community Earth System Model (CESM), this study investigates the effects of ozone–climate interactions on the Arctic stratospheric temperature (AST) changes during winter and early spring. Before 2000, the AST increased significantly in early winter (November and December), which is contributed to by ozone–climate interactions. Specifically, ozone–climate interactions lead to a stratospheric state that enhances upward wave propagation and the downwelling branch of Brewer–Dobson circulation. This leads to an adiabatic warming that significantly raises the AST. This dynamical heating overwhelmingly offsets the longwave radiative cooling effect associated with increased ozone during early winter. In contrast, during late winter and spring, cooling trends in the Arctic stratosphere are predominantly driven by reduced shortwave radiation heating associated with stratospheric ozone depletion. This study highlights the effects of ozone–climate interactions on the long-term trend in the AST.