SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: CLINICAL SPECTRUM, BIOMARKERS AND EVOLVING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a long-lasting autoimmune disease that affects multiple systems in the body. Its symptoms and progression can vary widely. It mainly impacts women of reproductive age, but it can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender. The disease develops due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors, which lead to immune system problems and the production of autoantibodies. Patients experience a wide range of symptoms, such as joint pain, blood disorders, kidney issues, heart and lung problems, digestive symptoms, and mental health effects, all of which can cause significant suffering. Diagnosis has improved through the use of established criteria and biomarkers, including antinuclear antibodies, anti-dsDNA, complement proteins (C3 and C4), along with new urinary and anti-C1q markers. Kidney biopsies remain crucial for evaluating lupus nephritis. Treatment methods have changed a lot, moving from corticosteroids and traditional immunosuppressants to new targeted biologic drugs like belimumab. These newer treatments have shown better control of the disease, fewer flare-ups, and an improved quality of life. In summary, improvements in diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and treatment options have greatly enhanced patient care in SLE. Early detection, personalized treatment plans, and teamwork among healthcare providers now give patients more stability, fewer complications, and better long-term results.