Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A New Frontier in Skin Permeation Enhancers

Currently, approximately 74% of drugs are administered orally, but they often fall short of achieving the desired effectiveness. Transdermal drug release systems were introduced as an effective and controlled drug or macromolecule delivery through skin without causing pain. This review looks at recent advancements in skin permeation enhancers, including chemical, physical, and bioinspired methods that effectively overcome the skin's barrier properties to improve drug absorption. Because they increase efficacy, patient compliance, and personalized treatment options, smart hydrogels, microneedles, and AI-driven formulation optimization are given special consideration. With the combination of innovative permeation enhancers and state-of-the-art delivery technologies, transdermal therapeutics is entering a new phase that expands the therapeutic scope of medications, biologics, and macromolecules. Future prospects highlight the importance of biocompatibility, safety, and regulatory frameworks that will guide the transformation of these technologies into effective clinical applications.