TURKISM AS AN IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY

The article analyzes the formation and development of Turkism as an ideological concept in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It examines the intellectual origins of the movement, its influence in the Ottoman and Russian Empires, as well as its relationship with Pan-Islamism. Special attention is given to the activities of key figures of the Turkic intelligentsia, such as Ismail Gasprinsky, Yusuf Akçura, Ziya Gökalp, Akhmet Baitursynuly, and others. The study demonstrates that Turkism contributed to the awakening of national con-sciousness, the development of culture and education, and became an ideological foundation for national liber-ation movements.