Levels of digital divide: A Review Literature

The digital divide remains a critical issue in today’s rapidly evolving digital economy, reflecting inequalities not only in access to technology but also in skills and outcomes. This paper reviews the multilayered nature of the digital divide, highlighting three levels: access, usage, and benefits derived from digital engagement. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these disparities, emphasizing their social and economic consequences. While early studies focused primarily on connectivity, contemporary research stresses the importance of digital skills and the ability to translate technology use into tangible benefits. By synthesizing recent literature, this review offers insights for developing more inclusive digital policies that address all dimensions of digital inequality, supporting equitable participation in an increasingly digital society.