BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PRICING IN THE CARBON UNITS MARKET

In the context of a global ecological crisis and tightening international requirements on greenhouse gas emissions, the formation of an effective carbon pricing system is becoming increasingly urgent for Russia. This article analyzes the main principles of pricing in the carbon units market, compares different regulatory instruments—carbon tax and emissions trading system (ETS)—and evaluates their economic efficiency. Special attention is given to differences between mandatory and voluntary carbon markets, factors influencing carbon unit prices, and practical examples of climate projects. The author emphasizes the need to develop a unified pricing model that considers the specifics of the Russian economy and international trends. Approaches to calculating the cost of carbon units are reviewed, including cost-based, comparative, and income-based methods, as well as the impact of macroeconomic and environmental factors. It is noted that the successful functioning of the carbon market depends on a combination of market mechanisms, government regulation, and incentives for low-carbon technologies. The article provides recommendations for improving the regulatory framework and developing the secondary carbon market, which contributes to achieving national climate goals and industrial modernization. Socioeconomic effects of implementing carbon pricing are also discussed, including its impact on GDP, inflation, and employment