A Unique Priority Aware Adaptive Optimization Protocol for Enhancing Lifetime in Heterogeneous IoT Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy efficiency is a critical factor in enhancing the operational lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) applications where limited battery resources constrain sensor nodes. This paper proposes an enhanced protocol, Energy-Efficient Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems with Power-Aware Hierarchical Clustering (EEPEG-PA-H), and presents a comparative evaluation against the Simple Fractional Routing Protocol (SFRT). The EEPEG-PA-H protocol integrates adaptive dynamic clustering with power-aware hierarchical routing, enabling real-time adjustments in cluster formation and routing paths based on residual energy, traffic load, and network conditions. In contrast to the static nature of SFRT, the dynamic strategy of EEPEG-PA-H significantly reduces redundant transmissions and balances energy usage across nodes. Simulation results indicate that EEPEG-PA-H improves network lifetime by 23.33% over PEGASIS and by 1.34% over the earlier EEPEG-PA model, while maintaining a PDR of 76% and a throughput of 1.2 Mbps. This improvement is achieved by significantly reducing the End-to-End Delay to 190 ms and the Packet Loss Rate to 22%. Furthermore, it demonstrates superior performance compared to SFRT, LEACH, and VSSLS-SIACR in terms of energy consumption and network sustainability. The results demonstrate that EEPEG-PA-H provides a robust and energy-efficient routing framework for heterogeneous WSNs in IoT applications, with potential applicability in dynamic environments such as mobile healthcare.