Smart Piezoelectric Bioinspired Gerridae Water Surface Wave Sensors: Experiments and Theoretical Modeling

Inspired by water gerridae’ micro-wave detection ability, this study developed a miniature portable sensor, bionic water wave sensor (BWS) based on flexible polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film for sensing of water surface waves. The sensor’s water-gerridae-inspired thin-film structure attached to water, converting wave-induced mechanical deformation into charge signals via the piezoelectric effect of PVDV. Theoretical models integrating multi-layer composite mechanics and wave energy conservation correlate sensor outputs with wave parameters (amplitude, distance, angle), validated via steady state excitation wave, transient pulse excitation wave experiments. Key results showed the BWS achieved water amplitude detection threshold could be as low as 0.03 mm and 0.0014 pC/mm sensitivity, with linear amplitude correlation (R² > 0.95), exponential distance decay, and cosine directional response. It tracked 1-10 Hz frequencies with 46-11 ms response speed, excelling in micro wave resolution despite a narrower range. BWS developed in this study offered superior micro wave capability, small volume (0.003 cm3), and self-powered operation. Ideal for marine micro-vibration monitoring and environmental robotics, BWS provides a reliable, miniaturized solution. Future material/structural optimizations may expand its detection range and practical applications.