Continuous glucose monitoring using wearable devices: technological achievements and world trends

Diabetes is a long-term disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, potentially damaging multiple organs and systems. Monitoring glucose levels, whether continuous or intermittent, is essential not only for people with diabetes but also for the general population. Although the past decade has brought significant advances in glucose monitoring technologies through the work of researchers and manufacturers, the field of glucose biosensors still faces significant challenges. A thorough literature search was conducted in the scientific databases Scopus, Science Direct (by Elsevier), and PubMed, including MEDLINE, to prepare this work. The following keywords were used for the search: “glucose monitoring”, “continuous glucose monitoring”, “wearable devices”, “glucose biosensors”, “diabetes”, “artificial intelligence in diabetes”, and “personalized medicine”. In this article, the authors review in detail the latest developments in glucose monitoring, including invasive, minimally invasive, and noninvasive approaches. The integration of electronic components, wireless communication technologies, energy harvesting systems were analyzed, and limitations of current solutions were assessed. Additionally, the potential of combining medical data from continuous glucose monitors with artificial intelligence techniques is highlighted to develop accurate diabetes treatment protocols. This approach provides high accuracy of results with short-term prediction based on time series of glucose readings. The authors highlight the urgent need for further improvement of glucose monitoring technologies, which is crucial for optimizing diabetes therapy and meeting important clinical demands for advanced monitoring solutions with practical applications.