Fat Embolism in Polytrauma Patients. a Narrative Review

ABSTRACT Fat embolism (FE) describes a symptomatic presence of fat globules the lung and peripheral circulation, while Fat embolism syndrome (FES) describes a clinical pattern that caused by the serious consequence of fat emboli producing a distinct pattern of clinical signs and symptoms that develop after emboli causes vascular obstruction and inflammatory response with possible subsequent multiorgan failure. Among multiple causes FES is mostly associated with polytrauma cases that involve orthopedic injuries especially long bones and pelvis fractures. It is uncommon yet serious complication. Symptoms usually emerge within 12-72 hours after injury with a classic triad: a respiratory failure neurological impairment, and petechial rash, though this presentation is not always present. Diagnosis is mainly clinical. Preventive measures including early fracture fixation shown to reduce both incidence and severity, treatment is primarily supportive.