Thermal Losses of an Anisotropic Electrically Conductive Transformer

This paper presents the design and comprehensive analysis of an anisotropic electrically conductive transformer developed as an innovative component for modern infocommunication systems. The transformer is based on the use of materials with anisotropic electrical conductivity, opening new possibilities for improving device efficiency and integration. A detailed study of thermal losses is carried out under three main operating modes: no-load operation, short-circuit conditions, and optimal load performance, using numerical calculation methods without simplifications or assumptions. Special attention is paid to the influence of electrical conductivity anisotropy and the orientation of crystallographic axes on the overall efficiency and thermal behavior of the transformer. Unlike conventional transformers with magnetic cores, the proposed design eliminates hysteresis losses, significantly enhancing energy efficiency and minimizing unwanted heat generation. Equivalent electrical circuit models are developed for each operating mode, and analytical expressions for resistance and current are derived, allowing for precise evaluation of performance characteristics. Thermal losses due to Joule heating are quantitatively analyzed for different types of materials. Cadmium antimonide (CdSb), zinc antimonide (ZnSb), single-crystal bismuth (Bi), and single-crystal tellurium (Te) are proposed as promising materials for anisotropic electrically conductive transformers. Numerical modeling results demonstrate a significant potential for minimizing energy losses and optimizing transformer design. The presented results confirm the suitability of the proposed transformer for use in microelectronic and telecommunication applications, where compactness, high efficiency, and thermal stability are critical. The relevance of this study is driven by the growing global demand for compact and energy-efficient components in infocommunication systems. The obtained results provide a foundation for further development of anisotropic electrically conductive transformers as effective matching elements and functional modules within modern telecommunication equipment.