ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN SELECTED EUROPEAN CITIES: A PRELIMINARY CROSS-CITY CASE STUDY

<ns3:p>In response to escalating climate-related risks, European cities are deploying a broad spectrum ofadaptation measures aimed at enhancing urban resilience. This study seeks to identify, classify andexamine the structural characteristics of adaptation actions implemented in six cities: Barcelona,Frankfurt am Main, Paris, Wroclaw, Cracow and Warsaw. A typological-network approach was adoptedto assess not only the number and nature of the actions undertaken but also their degree of integrationacross five functional categories: ecosystem-based, infrastructural, financial, governance-oriented andsocio-educational. The findings reveal a predominance of infrastructural and ecosystem-basedinterventions, but only limited use of financial instruments. Network analyses have demonstratedpronounced variations in the internal coherence and distribution of adaptation actions among theanalysed cities, which may have implications for the effectiveness and coordination of local adaptationstrategies. The study contributes to the broader discourse on urban climate adaptation and providesevidence to inform strategic urban planning and policymaking.</ns3:p>