Molecular Mechanisms of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Plasmodium Falciparum: Insights into Genetic Adaptations and Implications for Future Therapeutics

Malaria continues to be a significant global health issue, with the drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum posing a threat to control and eradication initiatives. This review outlines the primary categories of antimalarial medications, their mechanisms of action, and the genetic and molecular foundations of resistance, which include point mutations, gene amplification, epigenetic changes, and mechanisms involving transporters. Important molecular markers such as pfcrt, dhfr, dhps, kelch13, pfmdr1, and plasmepsin 2–3 are examined, as well as developments in diagnostic and surveillance methods for tracking resistance. New approaches, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), triple ACTs, and innovative drug development, are investigated as vital elements for future malaria control efforts. Ongoing molecular surveillance, cutting-edge therapeutics, and international collaboration are essential to address resistance and guarantee effective management of malaria.