Cleaning Methods for Dental Handpieces and the Cleaning Efficacy of Automated Cleaning Devices: A Narrative Review

Objective: This review aimed to examine various cleaning methods for dental handpieces for infection control and compare the cleaning efficacy of automated cleaning devices based on residual protein analysis according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15883-5. Methods: Using major databases and relevant keywords, a literature search was conducted for studies published between 2003 and 2025. The cleaning methods were categorized into manual, automated, and ultrasonic. The cleaning efficacy of automated cleaning devices was evaluated based on residual protein analysis, focusing on compliance with the ISO 15883-5 standard (≤6.4 µg/cm²). Results: Cleaning methods differed in terms of equipment requirements, cleaning duration, cost, internal cleaning capability, and verifiability of cleaning outcomes. Automated cleaning devices demonstrated excellent cleaning efficacy on external surfaces that met ISO standards; however, localized limitations were identified in the internal cleaning of some devices. Conclusions: Effective cleaning of dental handpieces requires strategies that reflect their structural complexity and clinical setting. Automated cleaning is a promising approach for standardized infection control. Establishing standardized protocols, improving device performance, and developing validated verification methods are essential for enhancing clinical cleaning practices and informing infection control policies.