Water Scarcity: A Natural or Man-made Phenomenon in Darjeeling Municipality, West Bengal, India

Darjeeling city has been suffering from intensive water scarcity since 1980, mainly during the dry season. Therefore, the present study aims to discuss the increasing level of water stress during the dry season and identify the principal factors responsible for water scarcity in Darjeeling Municipality. The findings of the Exploratory Factor Analysis classify 14 observed variables into four significant groups based on the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Index, Kaiser classification (1971), and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity. A total of 14 variables are observed, from which water supply connection, water storage facilities, water resource management, and water leakage are the most important factors (Factor 1), whereas political influence on water distribution, financial control over water access, and diversion of water resources to hotels and the tourism sector (Factor 2). Factor 3, comprising the variables of rainfall, rising temperature, and unsustainable water usage by residents, highlights the growing influence of climate variability and consumption behaviour. Factor 4, consisting of population growth, rapid urbanisation, and lower public awareness, reflects the strain of demographic pressure and insufficient civil engagement. The study provides essential insights for formulating sustainable and equitable water governance strategies for Darjeeling Municipality.