Development of Virtual Reality Simulation Scenarios for Bisecting Technique Practice in Maxillofacial Radiology

Objective: This study aimed to develop a virtual reality (VR) simulation, based on validated pre-performance competencies, to improve dental hygiene students’ proficiency in the bisecting angle technique and to enhance their learning outcomes. Methods: Pre-performance competency was defined through literature review and expert consultation. Items with a Content Validity Index (CVI) ≥0.8 were selected after two rounds of validation. Competencies were structured to reflect the clinical workflow, including preparation, pre-exposure, exposure, image evaluation, and completion with integrated communication skills. Results: Of the 48 preperformance competency items, expert review resulted in the reordering of 10 items, revision of 20 items, and the addition of 3 new items, with a final total of 51 items. The overall CVI, as well as the CVIs for each stage, reached 1.0, confirming strong content validity. Conclusion: This study developed validated pre-performance competency-based scenarios for VR simulation in maxillofacial radiology. This simulation can support practical training for dental hygiene students and professionals. However, further scenario expansion and curricular application require institutional and educational support.