Real-time deformation monitoring of open-pit mine dump sites using self-developed GNSS receivers: A case study of the Dong Cao Son dump site, Vietnam

Purpose. This study aims to develop a real-time deformation monitoring system using GNSS/Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) technology for open-pit mine dump sites. Methods. The system comprises a single CORS station installed in Cam Pha City, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam, utili-zing a Stonex GNSS receiver and a Trimble Zephyr 2 antenna. Components include a GNSS receiver based on the Trimble OEM BD970 module, monitoring control, and data processing software installed on a server computer for remote access. The real-time kinematic (RTK) method using CORS technology is employed for continuous monitoring at a frequency of 5 Hz, with data output in the standard NMEA format. The sliding window algorithm is applied to detect displacement occurrences and magnitudes. Performance and reliability are evaluated through two experiments with varying baseline lengths. Findings. The simulation experiment results show a maximum difference of 5 mm in horizontal displacement and 8 mm in vertical displacement when compared with measurements from a laser distance meter. The real-world experiment at the Dong Cao Son waste dump in Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam, confirms the system’s effectiveness and feasibility. Monitoring data are successfully transmitted to a host computer at Hanoi University of Mining and Geology. Originality. This study introduces a novel real-time deformation monitoring system based on GNSS/CORS technology, designed to ensure continuous, stable operation and real-time data processing over extended periods. Practical implications. The developed system provides an efficient, economical, and safe solution for real-time monitoring and early warning of deformations at open-pit dump sites, contributing to improved mining operations.