Orbital capacity and maximum energy output of a space-based solar power constellation in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit

As the global demand for sustainable energy solutions intensifies, the spotlight turns to innovative technologies, with Space-Based Solar Power (SBSP) emerging as a promising route. The aim of this paper is to achieve, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first global assessment of the maximum energy output of a network of Space-Based Solar Power stations in Earth’s orbit. First, several baseline architectures are selected based on existing literature related to Geosynchronous Earth Orbit, with a focus on key mission and system designs, as well as the expected performance of each. Second, considering the unique characteristics of these architectures, the maximum orbital capacity for a Space-Based Solar Power constellation is determined in increasingly stringent scenarios. Finally, an annual maximum energy output is evaluated for each scenario, using a power generation model, and compared against recent global energy demands. The proposed study aims at establishing a framework for the evaluation of the potential energy output achievable for planet Earth through Space-Based Solar Power systems. This will enable comparison of Space-Based Solar Power with other renewable energy systems and foster further research and discussions on this promising technology. • A comprehensive framework is presented to assess the orbital capacity of SBSP constellations in GEO under progressively realistic constraints. • Four deployment scenarios are analyzed, integrating satellite spacing, existing satellite presence, land availability, and population density. • A solar incidence-based model quantifies annual energy output for each scenario using orbital and Earth-based data. • Findings show that SBSP systems could contribute up to 31% of global electricity demand.