Entropy Generation in EMHD Hybrid Nanofluids: A Neutrosophic Approach with Thermal Radiation and Melting Effects

Entropy generation in hybrid nanofluid flows under electromagnetic and thermal effects is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency in advanced engineering systems. This study focuses on the steady electromagneto hydrodynamic (EMHD) stagnation point flow of a Cu–Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface, taking into account the roles of thermal radiation and surface melting. To effectively capture uncertainties arising from fluctuating thermal properties and boundary conditions, a neutrosophic approach is adopted. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into Neutrosophic Differential Equations (NDEs), integrating degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity. These equations are numerically solved using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method in combination with a shooting technique. The analysis examines how key physical and neutrosophic parameters influence the velocity field, temperature distribution, entropy generation, and Bejan number. Comparative assessments with classical deterministic and Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) models confirm the improved adaptability and robustness of the neutrosophic framework. Additionally, sensitivity analysis underscores the model’s effectiveness in handling parameter uncertainty. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing heat transfer systems in contexts where precise data may be unavailable, with applications ranging from microscale cooling devices to industrial thermal processes. The study also outlines model limitations and directions for future research.