PRE-MENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER

Genetic Factors and Clinical Overview of PMS and PMDD: The pathophysiology of premenstrual problems has been linked to genetic susceptibility. In particular, the onset and progression of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) have been linked to polymorphisms in the oestrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene, such as the A351G variation. The presence of the GG genotype at this polymorphic site may be linked to an increased risk of PMDD, a severe mood disorder that affects women of reproductive age and is marked by significant affective lability during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Variations in the amounts of ovarian steroid hormones during the luteal phase, which happens after ovulation and before menstruation, can cause behavioural, emotional, and physical symptoms in individuals who are at risk. Less than 10% of Reproductive-aged females fit the diagnostic standards for PMDD, a severe type of PMDD characterised by noticeable mood changes, but 90% of them report having some premenstrual symptoms. The epidemiology and contemporary treatment modalities for PMS and PMDD are described in this study. It comprises a range of physical and psychological symptoms occurring during the luteal phase, typically resolving shortly after menstruation commences.