FERMENTATIVE BIOCONVERSION OF CATTLE WASTE WITH MICROORGANISMS AND ORGANIC SUBSTRATES

The management of livestock manure represents a critical environmental and agricultural challenge with far-reaching implications for ecosystem integrity, food safety, and climate change. The indiscriminate and inefficient use of manure as fertilizer has been associated with nutrient overload, soil degradation, contamination of surface and groundwater, and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Conventional chemical and physical methods for manure treatment have been adopted in many regions; however, these strategies provide only partial or temporary mitigation and fail to deliver sustainable outcomes. Current evidence increasingly supports the integration of microbiological and biotechnological solutions as more effective and ecologically aligned approaches to manure management [1,2].