VARICOCELE IN MEN: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Varicocele is a prevalent vascular abnormality of the male reproductive system, characterized by the dilatation of the pampiniform venous plexus within the spermatic cord. It represents one of the leading causes of male infertility and testicular dysfunction, primarily due to impaired spermatogenesis and hormonal imbalance. The pathophysiology of varicocele involves retrograde blood flow, increased scrotal temperature, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, which contribute to testicular damage. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and imaging techniques, particularly Doppler ultrasonography. Clinical management ranges from conservative observation in asymptomatic cases to surgical interventions such as open varicocelectomy, laparoscopic ligation, and microsurgical repair, with the latter demonstrating superior outcomes in fertility restoration. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical management strategies of varicocele in men.