LEXICAL-SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL ISSUES OF NOUNS IN THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH-KARAKALPAK DICTIONARIES. POLYSEMY, SYNONYMY AND ANTONYMY OF LEXEMES (TRANSLATİON STRATEGİES)

This article explores the lexical-semantic and cultural issues of nouns in the formation of English–Karakalpak bilingual dictionaries, with a focus on polysemy, synonymy, and antonymy. The study argues that adequate dictionary representation requires a three-stage model: (i) structuring polysemic meanings into core, peripheral, and culturally bound layers; (ii) reconstructing synonymous networks with stylistic and semantic gradation; and (iii) classifying antonymic relations into binary, multilayer, and paradigmatic oppositions. Special attention is given to translation strategies, balancing literal versus free translation, and domestication versus foreignization, as well as specific procedures such as transcription, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The article proposes microstructural rules for dictionary entries, including collocational evidence, register and connotation labels, cultural commentary, and translation procedure notes.