Nano-Warriors Revolutionising Lung Cancer Treatment with Targeted Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACT:Globally, lung cancer accounts for about 12.6% of all cancer cases and 18.75% of all cancer deaths. In 2022, there were approximately 2.5 million new cases of lung cancer, thereby increasing the mortality rate worldwide. About 34 million new cases are being predicted by the end of 2050, which is about 77% increase from 2022 due to an increase in the rate of Cigarette smokers and a rise in tobacco consumption by humans. Nanoparticles are artificially developed particles with a diameter of more than 100 nm and have a larger surface-volume ratio than micro- and macro-sized particles, which permits them to facilitate interaction with different molecules, receptors and targeted cancerous cells. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in drug delivery by enhancing the stability of the drug, targeting specific cancerous cells, and controlling drug release. It has improved bioavailability and fewer side effects. Nanoparticles serve as the most suitable therapeutic agent. They are classified as Organic, Inorganic and Carbon-based. Gold, Silica, Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are widely used in the treatment of Lung Cancer. They confer both the in vitro and in vivo research. Use of membrane-covered nanoparticles with the membrane acquired from cancer cells is a novel approach in treating lung cancer; due to this, a biometric delivery system has been developed by researchers that can avoid the immune clearance and enhance the tumour targeting ability. The potential of nanoparticles in the treatment of lung disease is undeniable. Beyond this, the nanoparticle-based therapies have to face certain challenges and limitations, especially in tumour penetration and overcoming the biological barriers.