Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimalarial Activities of Rhizopora mucronata, Avicennia marina, and Sonneratia alba Leaves from Lombok Island

Mangroves are plants that live along the coastline. Sekotong, West Lombok, is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a large area of mangrove forest. Avicennia marina, Rhizopora mucronata, and Sonneratia alba are abundant species in the area. Antioxidant and antimalarial activities and their correlation in these three species have never been explored. Therefore, the research objective was to explore the antioxidant, antimalarial, and total phenolic content (TPC) from ethanol extract, water fraction, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction of Rhizopora mucronata, Avicennia marina, and Sonneratia alba leaves. In addition, the correlation between these parameters was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Each mangrove species was extracted with ethanol (96%) and fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The metabolite profile from the extract of the three species of mangrove was analyzed using Gass Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The antioxidant activities were analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Meanwhile, their antimalarial activity was analyzed using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) method. The GCMS results showed the different compounds in the three mangrove species. Only mome inositol and palmitic acid were found in the three mangrove species, but the percentages were different. R. mucronata leaves have the highest antioxidant activity and are classified as very strong (IC50 < 50 ppm). Ethyl acetate fraction of R. mucronata leaves have the highest TPC with a value of 617.12 ± 19.14 mg gallic acid equivalent/gram extract (mg GAE/g). Meanwhile, S. alba leaves revealed the high antimalarial activity than the other samples with % inhibition above 50% at a concentration of 50 ppm, it was classified as very strong. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results indicated a positive relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content, while no correlation was found with antimalarial activity. Thus, the antioxidant activity observed in the three mangrove species is influenced by the presence of phenolic compounds