Paddy Cultivation in India: Challenges to Sustainability and Emerging Adaptive Practices

Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) remains the most important cereal crop in India, serving as the staple food for a majority of the population. India is the second-largest rice producer in the world, contributing nearly 22% of global output. This paper examines the current state of paddy cultivation in India, with a focus on its geographical distribution, climatic and soil requirements, methods of cultivation, production trends, and sustainability challenges. It highlights government policies and initiatives supporting rice farmers and explores sustainable practices such as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), and Direct-Seeded Rice (DSR).