Inkjet printing of conductive nanomaterials on textiles for wearable electronics: Advancements, challenges, and future prospects

Inkjet printing of conductive nanomaterials on textiles represents a transformative approach for manufacturing next-generation wearable electronics, combining precision digital fabrication with the comfort and flexibility of textile substrate. This comprehensive review analyzes recent advancements in material formulations, printing methodologies, and functional applications that are driving innovations in this field. It critically examine the interplay between nanomaterial properties (metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, and conductive polymers) and printing parameters, highlighting optimized strategies for achieving high-resolution, durable, conductive patterns on diverse textile substrate. The discussion encompasses breakthrough applications in physiological monitoring, flexible energy systems, and advanced human-machine interfaces, with particular attention to performance metrics under real-world operating conditions. A dedicated analysis of persistent challenges addresses material stability, interfacial adhesion, wash durability, and large-scale manufacturing constraints, while presenting innovative solutions, such as self-healing composites, hybrid printing techniques, and environmentally benign conductive inks. Emerging trends in intelligent textiles, including AI-enabled fabrication and bio-integrated devices, are explored as key drivers of future development. The review concludes with a critical perspective on commercialization pathways, emphasizing the need for standardized testing protocols, sustainable material lifecycles, and cross-disciplinary collaboration to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and mass production.