Advancements in flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators: Integrating BaTiO₃, PDMS, and MWCNTs for Enhanced Energy Harvesting and Smart System Applications: A review

The escalating demand for sustainable energy solutions has propelled the development of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (F-PNGs) capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical power. This review delves into the integration of barium titanate (BaTiO₃), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in F-PNGs, emphasizing their synthesis, structural configurations, and performance metrics. The synergistic combination of these materials has demonstrated significant enhancements in energy conversion efficiency, mechanical flexibility, and durability. Applications span across wearable electronics, biomedical devices, and environmental monitoring systems. The review also addresses current challenges and proposes future research directions to optimize these nanogenerators for broader implementation.