Nature-based solution as decentralized greywater treatment to minimize the input of personal care products into centralized wastewater treatment plant

In this study, the monitoring of personal care products from influent and effluent in an urban wastewater treatment plant indicated their insufficient elimination with an average efficiency not exceeding 50% removal by conventional treatment technologies in centralized solutions. A possible solution to this is on-site greywater treatment using vertical-flow constructed wetlands filled with biochars produced in a circular economy perspective, such as from plant residues and from sewage-cellulose, which can achieve a removal efficiency of >80% for these micropollutants.