A comprehensive review on Peptic Ulcer Disease: Types, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by ulcers in the stomach or duodenum. The primary causes of PUD are Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. If left untreated, PUD can lead to complications such as bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. The symptoms of PUD include heartburn, regurgitation, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and radiology. Treatment includes medications to reduce acid production, eradicate H. pylori, and protect the mucosa. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary. The role of H. pylori infection and NSAID use in the development of PUD highlights the importance of prevention and early intervention. Radiology plays a crucial role in diagnosis, while medications and surgery offer effective treatment options. Understanding the causes and consequences of PUD is crucial for effective management and prevention of complications. This review aims to provide an overview of PUD, including its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.