PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS: MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN DISEASES

Abstract Redox homeostasis is the equilibrium that exists between the an aerobic generation of oxygen and nitrogen species and the body’s built-in defense system that acts as protecting shields (antioxidants). This balance is crucial in the preservation of the integrity of the cell and the maintenance of physiological activities and any distorted balance would mean stress, in particular the oxidative stress, which is defined as the detrimental overabundance of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and the undersupply of cellular antioxidants which is a lie. It is now well understood that oxidative stress is a core element in the beginning and the development of an array of ailments such as the neurodegenerative conditions (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s) stress-related disorders, heart illness, malignant tumors and the metabolic disease of diabetes and obesity. Also, the last few years, the sub-branch of oxidative signalling have gained much interest as a potential therapeutic target, signalling that restore the redox balance by neutralization of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as targeted redox-sensitive molecular pathway modulation. This review takes a close look at how redox imbalance contributes to disease development and checks out the current and upcoming drug strategies that aim to fix oxidative stress. It really highlights the potential of therapies that target important pathways, like activating nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2), stopping ferroptosis (which is a type of cell death driven by redox), and using drug delivery systems that respond to redox changes. Altogether, these strategies offer a fresh perspective in redox pharmacology, with significant implications for treating and preventing complex human diseases.