Mediterranean wild edible plants as promising sources of less-polar bioactive compounds: Fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, and sterols

This study characterised less-polar phytochemicals in twelve wild edible plants (WEPs) from the Mediterranean region, with a view to emphasising their potential role in sustainable diets. The plants under consideration were collected from southern Spain and Portugal, and represent genera such as Amaranthus , Mesembryanthemum , Sisymbrium , Sonchus , Cynara , and Asparagus . The analysis focused on a range of bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and squalene, which are recognised for their health-promoting properties. Amaranthus viridis , Sonchus tenerrimus , and Sisymbrium irio were notable for their high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly α-linolenic acid, contributing to favourable n -6/ n -3 ratios. These species also contained significant amounts of lutein and β-carotene, which are important for provitamin A intake. Phytosterols (stigmasterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol) and tocopherols (mainly α- and γ-isomers) were found in high concentrations in several Cynara and Asparagus species. These findings lend support to the value of WEPs as both traditional foods and potential sources for functional foods or nutraceuticals. Their incorporation into contemporary diets has the potential to enhance public health, promote dietary diversity, and assist in the preservation of agroecological heritage. Further studies are required on bioavailability, culinary uses, and consumer acceptance to fully unlock the potential of the subject. • Wild edible plants (WEPs) are rich sources of less-polar bioactive compounds. • Amaranthus viridis showed the highest carotenoid and provitamin A content. • Favorable n -6/ n -3 ratios were found in several green leafy species. • Cynara and Asparagus species were rich in sterols and tocopherols. • Results support WEPs as ingredients for functional and sustainable foods.