Entertainment games for complex problem-solving: A systematic review of design frameworks and the development of design guidelines

The development of complex problem-solving (CPS) skills is essential for addressing real-world challenges. This systematic review explores how entertainment games – although primarily designed for leisure – can foster cognitive CPS skills through engaging gameplay. By examining existing methodological frameworks, the study identifies specific gameplay features that promote both player engagement and CPS skill development, addressing a significant gap in current research. By integrating game-centric and player-centric perspectives, the study applies Work System Theory and Cognitive Work Analysis to systematically extract, code, and interpret gameplay elements and mechanics in terms of psychological processes relevant to CPS. Key findings reveal 12 gameplay features with configurations that promote engagement and enable uncertainty management, a core aspect of CPS. In addition, 10 evidence-based design guidelines are presented to support the development and evaluation of games that balance entertainment and learning outcomes. This work contributes to research in the field of game-based learning by providing a novel, theoretically grounded approach to the development of games that effectively integrate engagement and the development of cognitive CPS skills.