Anatomically Accurate, Low-Cost 3D-Printed Nasopharynx Simulator for Nasolaryngoscopy Training

Introduction - Flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy (NPL) is a core diagnostic and procedural skill in otolaryngology, radiation oncology, and related specialties. Early mastery is essential for safe patient care, but traditional training is limited by: Reliance on patient encounters, which may cause discomfort and restrict practice opportunities. High cost of commercial simulators(often $3,000–$5,000), restricting access across many programs. Lack of anatomical accuracyin available models, limiting their educational value. - Gap: There is currently no accessible, anatomically faithful, and affordable tool for widespread trainee use. - Objective: To design, fabricate, and validate a low-cost, anatomically accurate 3D-printed simulator for training in flexible NPL