MANAGEMENT AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AT RAILWAY STATIONS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS FOR UZBEKISTAN

The article analyzes three models for the development of railway stations based on international experience: “Transport + Retail,” “Eki-naka/Mini-hub,” and “Rail + Property” (TOD). The first model directs passenger flow towards commercial activities, the second transforms waiting time into services, while the third integrates stations into urban planning centers. Their value creation mechanisms, advantages, and limitations are examined, along with the opportunities for their application in Uzbekistan. The research results contribute to improving the efficiency of station management and ensuring financial sustainability.