An Insight into SnO₂ Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications

Transition metal oxide-based semiconductors are a significant class of materials used in cutting-edge technology. It is important to consider the size, shape, surface charge, and the existence of both bulk and surface defects when preparing these materials: all of which are determined through the synthesis process and the conditions of experiment that significantly influences these material’s performances. Among the oxide semiconductors, the inherent properties of SnO2 nanoparticles, n-type semiconductors with band gap in the range of 3.6-4.0 eV have interesting features like high sensitivity, good chemical and thermal stability, non-toxic and environmentally benign, rapid electron mobility, electrical conductivity, quick response, and recovery speed. Due to these excellent properties, SnO2 nanoparticles are substantially used in transparent conductors, transistors, optoelectronic devices, and electrochemical modifiers on electrodes, gas sensors, batteries, electrochromic devices, and heterogeneous photo-catalytic applications. This review work will provide insights into various synthesis processes of SnO2 nanoparticles and their effect on the multiple applications especially focusing on energy and environmental sustainability.