Sustainable modifications in food packaging: A comprehensive review of biodegradable material revolutions

This review presents recent advancements in biomass-based biodegradable packaging as sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. It focuses on the development of materials derived from agricultural biomass, including bioplastics, fibers, and films, and highlights innovations in extraction, pre-treatment, and conversion technologies that enhance scalability and functionality. Hybrid materials and additive integration have improved mechanical and barrier properties, enabling broader application across food and non-food sectors. The environmental advantages such as biodegradability, compostability, and reduced carbon footprint position these materials as key components in achieving global sustainability goals. However, challenges remain in terms of production costs, technical scalability, regulatory compliance, and consumer acceptance. Successful case studies and comparative material analyses support the practical viability of biomass-based packaging when tailored to specific applications. Emerging research areas including nanotechnology, smart packaging, and circular economy strategies are driving further innovation. By addressing current limitations and leveraging scientific progress, biomass-based packaging has strong potential to replace traditional plastics and support a more sustainable and resilient packaging industry.