“C5+1” as a Dovetailing Mechanism for Central Asia’s Regional Integration: Insights from Uzbekistan

Abstract This article examines the evolving geopolitical landscape of Central Asia and evaluates the “C5+1” multilateral format as a mechanism for regional cooperation, strategic balancing, and integration. With Uzbekistan playing a pivotal role in shaping regional diplomacy, the study explores how the “C5+1” framework serves as a “dovetailing mechanism” – aligning regional interests with external engagements while maintaining strategic autonomy. By analyzing historical trends, policy shifts, and emerging regional dynamics, the paper assesses the effectiveness of this diplomatic platform in balancing the influence of major external actors, including the United States, European Union, China, Russia, India, and other regional stakeholders. Uzbekistan’s proactive and pragmatic diplomacy, particularly under the “Uzbekistan-2030” Strategy, has strengthened intra-regional cooperation through bilateral treaties, consultative meetings, and economic partnerships. The country has led efforts to institutionalize multilateral collaboration, enhance economic integration, and mitigate long-standing regional disputes. However, while the “C5+1” format has expanded from ministerial to summit-level engagements, challenges remain in its long-term sustainability. The paper critically examines potential risks, such as external powers steering the agenda, the lack of formal institutionalization, and internal competition among Central Asian States (CAS). By providing a comparative analysis of different “C5+1” models, this study offers insights into how Central Asia can leverage this framework to foster sustainable economic growth, regional security, and geopolitical stability. The findings contribute to ongoing discussions on multi-vector diplomacy and propose strategies to ensure that C5+1 remains a genuinely inclusive and effective mechanism for long-term regional integration.