Factors influencing the level of performance in mathematics and language among learners in South Africa: a multi-level analysis

The major aim of this study was to investigate the effects of learner, school, and teacher factors on learner performance in language of instruction (English and Afrikaans) and mathematics among learners in grades 9 and 11 in South Africa. The study also explored the methodological advantage of using hierarchical linear Modellling (HLM) over conventional statistical techniques in analysing multi-level data.