Performance of different botanical pesticides against pink boll worm on cotton crop review

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a globally important cash crop, often termed “White Gold,” contributing significantly to food, fiber, feed, and fuel production as well as the livelihoods of millions worldwide. However, its productivity is severely threatened by insect pests, of which the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is the most destructive, causing substantial yield and quality losses. Dependence on synthetic insecticides for its control has led to resistance development, environmental contamination, and harmful effects on human health and biodiversity. In recent years, botanical pesticides have emerged as eco-friendly, sustainable, and effective alternatives for integrated pest management (IPM). Neem-based products, including neem seed kernel extract, neem oil, and azadirachtin formulations, have shown strong efficacy against pink bollworm larvae without disrupting natural enemies. Other botanicals, such as extracts of tobacco, datura, chili, and Artemisia annua, have demonstrated varying levels of effectiveness, particularly when combined with biological control agents or cultural practices. Integration of botanicals with pheromone trapping, biocontrol agents (e.g., Trichogramma spp., Chrysoperlla carnea, Coccinillidae spp., Beauveria bassiana,), and selective biopesticides enhances management outcomes. This review highlights the role of botanical pesticides in mitigating pink bollworm infestations, reducing reliance on chemicals, and promoting sustainable cotton production systems.