3D modelling in anatomy teaching: state of the art and pilot investigations for its application

Technological advancements have revolutionized anatomy education, introducing "virtual anatomy" as complement or alternative to traditional dissection. At the Faculty Unit of Anatomy and Morphology (UFAM) of the University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva (CURML), we integrated digital tools into musculoskeletal and embryology teaching for first-year medical students. Aim : This study presents a state of the art survey on the use of imaging technologies for anatomy teaching and a pilot pedagogical project on 3D imaging at UFAM. Our aims are to present the implementation of 3D printing in practical works on the musculoskeletal system, and the implementation of 3D models to complement embryology practicals. Vertebrae were replicated using high-resolution 3D surface scanning and printing. 3D models of genitalia, brain hemisphere, and thoracic spine with spinal cord were created using photogrammetry. Printed vertebrae were used during musculoskeletal, and anatomical 3D models during embryology practicals. Students received interactive 3D PDFs and usage guidelines beforehand. Feedback was collected via an online questionnaire. Students reported high satisfaction, improved spatial understanding, and enhanced practical skills. However, large file sizes of 3D PDFs and software compatibility issues limited access. While 3D tools proved effective for anatomy education, improving accessibility and usability remains essential for broader implementation. • 3D models improve spatial understanding, motivation, and learning outcomes • Hybrid anatomy teaching combining 3D technologies and cadaver is widely supported • 3D printed vertebrae improve accessibility and preserved fragile teaching specimens • Students reported higher satisfaction using interactive 3D embryology models • Technical barriers like cost, file size, and access still limit broader integration