A Mechanistic Review on Punicalagin Mediated ROS Scavenging and Cellular Protection

Punicalagin it is an Ellagitannin compound that found naturally in Punica granatum or pomegranate, it possesses strong antioxidant effects through several biological pathways. It is known to neutralize a byproduct of mitochondrial metabolism reactive oxygen species (ROS), and suppresses the activity of NADPH oxidase, also binds with transition metals like Fe²⁺ (ferrous) and Cu²⁺ (copper), which helps block the production of harmful hydroxyl radicals. In vascular endothelial cells, punicalagin promotes the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by activating eNOS or endothelial nitric oxide synthase through a calcium dependent mechanism. Nitric oxide then plays a further protective role by decreasing ROS levels acting as a superoxide scavenger, maintaining eNOS in its functional form, and improving gene expression related to oxidative balance. These combined effects help to protect the cells against oxidative damage and maintain redox stability. This mechanistic understanding supports the potential of punicalagin as a t Medicinal substance in conditions due to oxidative stress.