Constructing oxygen vacancy enriched ZnWO4/Ag-doped In2S3 visible light active S-scheme heterojunction with improved charge migration for doxycycline hydrochloride degradation in wastewater

This research examined photocatalytic efficacy of an Ov-ZnWO 4 /Ag-In 2 S 3 heterojunction that we generated using a hydrothermal process and a chemical solution method for the degrading doxycycline hydrochloride in waste water. When exposed to visible light for 90 min., nanocomposite showed an significant 94.91% degrading efficacy. Modification startegies like oxygen vacancies, doping, and interfacial coupling all worked to enhance charge carrier transfer and isolation. The generation of an S-scheme heterojunction was established by a systematic charge migration mechanism that was supported by both theoretical as well as experimental research. An in-built internal electric field was generated by redistribution of charges brought on by differences in position of Fermi levels, which allowed for directed e - flow while improving isolation rate. The functions of •OH and •O 2 - reactive oxygen species in degrading DCL.HCl were analysed by EPR and trapping studies. Moreover, electronic characteristics and mineralization process of DCL.HCl were studied by DFT calculations, and LC-MS studies. Stability and reusability of Ov-ZnWO 4 /Ag-In 2 S 3 were demonstrated when it was evaluated for reutilizing over four consecutive cycles, preserving 89% of its initial degrading efficacy. A viable choice for wastewater treatment applications, Ov-ZnWO 4 /Ag-In 2 S 3 nanocomposite is made by scalable process and has superior charge carrier dynamics, recyclability, and redox potential.