The landscape of science communication and public engagement in UNESCO Global Geoparks

UNESCO Global Geoparks are unique platforms for communicating science and geoscience, especially in the context of contemporary environmental challenges. These territories are outstanding models for promoting environmental stewardship and fostering community engagement. To address a research gap in understanding science communication within geoparks, this study explored the theoretical framework behind science communication, discussing key principles and strategies. The results revealed a diverse landscape with a wide spectrum of approaches, showing progress and opportunities, yet challenges persisted, including inconsistent frameworks and the prevalence of deficit-model thinking. Trends indicated increasing adoption of participatory and community-focused initiatives, although these were unevenly implemented. The study concluded that while geoparks had made significant contributions to science communication and sustainability, their impact could be enhanced through more consistent and participatory strategies that actively involved communities, strengthening their role as global models for environmental stewardship and public engagement.