A Review on Advances of Nanoemulsions in Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Nanoemulsions have emerged as a cutting-edge drug delivery system, offering improved solubility, bioavailability, and targeted drug release. Their unique physicochemical properties make them highly suitable for oral, parenteral, transdermal, and nasal drug formulations. The pharmaceutical industry has increasingly adopted nanoemulsion-based therapeutics for oncology, neurology, infectious diseases, and vaccine delivery. This review explores recent advancements in nanoemulsion formulations, regulatory challenges, and novel manufacturing techniques. The study highlights the role of lipid-based nanoemulsions in enhancing drug absorption through lymphatic transport, mucoadhesive nanoemulsions for intranasal and ocular applications, and stimuli-responsive nanoemulsions for controlled drug release. Regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMA require extensive characterization, including particle size distribution, zeta potential, and stability assessments to ensure nanoemulsion safety and efficacy. Despite challenges in stability, toxicity, and large-scale production, nanoemulsions are expected to reshape modern drug delivery. Future directions include the development of smart nanoemulsions, biodegradable surfactants, and AI-powered drug design, positioning nanoemulsions as a pivotal technology in personalized medicine and advanced therapeutics.