Preparing for the Quantum Era: Future-Proofing AI Systems Against Next-Gen Threats

This white paper explores the emerging risks that quantum computing poses to artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with a focus on data confidentiality, model integrity, and supply chain security. It provides an in-depth analysis of how quantum threats can compromise classical cryptographic protections, detailing scenarios such as "harvest-now, decrypt-later" attacks. The paper reviews the latest quantum-resistant cryptographic standards approved by NIST, including ML-KEM, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA, and HQC, and underscores the importance of adopting crypto-agile solutions like hybrid TLS protocols, post-quantum signed models, and adaptable key management systems. Additionally, the paper discusses the implementation of post-quantum cryptography-backed attestations in Model and Software Bills of Materials to enhance supply chain security, and recommends re-encrypting data archives with quantum-safe or hybrid algorithms for long-term protection. A 12-month phased migration plan is proposed to help organizations assess, enable, and scale their adoption of post-quantum cryptography, with clear metrics to track progress. The white paper also addresses the unique challenges faced by blockchain systems, urging early migration planning to maintain ledger security. Ultimately, the document emphasizes that proactive adoption of post-quantum cryptography and strategic migration are crucial for safeguarding AI systems and digital assets against future quantum threats.