A Rare Bifurcation of the Axillary Artery into Deep and Superficial Branches: A Clinically Relevant Anatomical Variation: A Case Report

The Axillary artery is the primary arterial supply to the upper limb and is classically divided into three parts based on its relationship with pectoralis minor muscle. Variations in its branching pattern are not uncommon and may have significant clinical implications in surgical operative procedures, orthopaedics, anaesthesia, and radiologic practices. Objective: To report a rare anatomical variation in the branching pattern of the third part of the Axillary artery observed during routine cadaveric dissection. Case Discussion: During the routine dissection of an embalmed adult female cadaver, an unusual branching pattern of the third part of Axillary artery was observed in the right upper limb just proximal to the convergence of lateral and medial roots of the median nerve. The third part of the Axillary artery divided into a superficial and deep branch. The deep branch gave rise to subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery and then continued as profunda brachii artery. The superficial branch followed the course of brachial artery; entered the cubital fossa and divided into radial and ulnar artery. The left upper limb showed a normal arterial pattern Conclusion: The variations may not have affected the functioning of the upper limb in this female, but this rare variation highlights the need for awareness and knowledge of arterial anomalies in surgical planning, regional anesthesia, trauma management and imaging interpretation. Hence detailed anatomical knowledge can help to avoid iatrogenic injuries and improve outcomes.