Value chain gaps in plant-based protein production in Europe – A literature review

This report examines the dynamics of the plant-based protein value chain in Europe, encompassing facets from cultivation to sales and retail. We explore challenges in crop management, pest and disease control, harvesting, and gaps in farming knowledge across different legumes i.e. lupins, pea, faba bean, chickpea, lentil and soybean. We found regional disparities in the availability of plant protection products and suggest targeted strategies to bridge these gaps. The cultivation and production section identified the need to tailor farming knowledge to regional conditions, emphasizing the diverse challenges with growing grain legumes by farmers. In the domain of production we uncover regional variations in yield and persistent yield gaps in lupin, pea, faba bean and soybean and lower yield stability compared to winter sown cereals. Challenges in farming knowledge, climate conditions, and the availability of adapted varieties and plant protection products to enhance the competitiveness of the plant-based protein sector need to be addressed by public and private actors. Processing and packaging challenges are explored, revealing inadequacies in infrastructure, outdated processing facilities, and limited innovations in extraction methods. Specific limitations in processing individual legume species are described and require comprehensive approaches involving technological innovation and sustainable practices throughout the value chain. In the marketing and distribution we identified certification and standardization challenges, branding obstacles, and transportation inefficiencies. The report emphasizes the need for harmonization in certification processes, transparent adherence to standards, and strategic branding to build trust and facilitate the seamless distribution of plant-based products in the EU. Sales and retail challenges are scrutinized, ranging from limited consumer awareness and uncertain preferences to pricing inconsistencies and some resistance to plant-based diets. The report details the market dynamics for various legume species, highlighting the hurdles for market acceptance for these crops. The impact of brand withdrawals due to financial constraints and market uncertainties is explored, highlighting the volatile nature of consumer demand in the plant-based protein sector. Despite the challenges identified, sustainability emerges as a key driver supporting the inclusion of more legumes in Europe especially for organic production, to reduce carbon footprints, and ethical practices gaining attention. We conclude by emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts, educational initiatives, and strategic communication to overcome challenges and foster a resilient and flourishing plant-based protein industry in Europe.