Genetic Insights into Orthodontics: Exploring the Role of Genomic Variations in Dentofacial Development and Treatment Strategies

Genetic insights have reshaped orthodontics by clarifying the role of genomic variations in craniofacial growth and treatment responses. Variations in key genes, including MSX1, DLX5, DLX6, EDN1, PRRX1, and HAND2, are associated with mandibular prognathism, retrognathism, and other craniofacial anomalies. Advanced tools such as linkage analysis, nextgeneration sequencing, and genome-wide association studies have confirmed the genetic basis of skeletal malocclusions. However, prediction of growth potential remains complex, as genetic influences are modified by epigenetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Emerging biomarkers from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid provide promising, non-invasive approaches for diagnosis and monitoring.